Undefined behavior when encoding AVIF image

[astral4]

This happens with version 0.24.8. I am using a M1 MacBook Pro with rustc 1.75.0 (82e1608df 2023-12-21).

Running the program that brings up this issue results in zsh: illegal hardware instruction.

Miri output

The output of cargo +nightly miri run (using rustc 1.77.0-nightly (2319be8e2 2024-01-12)) is:

Preparing a sysroot for Miri (target: aarch64-apple-darwin)... done
     Running `/Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/bin/cargo-miri runner target/miri/aarch64-apple-darwin/debug/image-test`
error: Undefined Behavior: trying to retag from <9426063> for SharedReadOnly permission at alloc2467356[0x4], but that tag does not exist in the borrow stack for this location
   --> /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/slice/raw.rs:102:9
    |
102 |         &*ptr::slice_from_raw_parts(data, len)
    |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
    |         |
    |         trying to retag from <9426063> for SharedReadOnly permission at alloc2467356[0x4], but that tag does not exist in the borrow stack for this location
    |         this error occurs as part of retag at alloc2467356[0x0..0xc]
    |
    = help: this indicates a potential bug in the program: it performed an invalid operation, but the Stacked Borrows rules it violated are still experimental
    = help: see https://github.com/rust-lang/unsafe-code-guidelines/blob/master/wip/stacked-borrows.md for further information
help: <9426063> was created by a SharedReadOnly retag at offsets [0x0..0x4]
   --> src/main.rs:13:10
    |
13  |     drop(AvifEncoder::new(sink()).write_image(&img, img.width(), img.height(), ColorType::Rgba8));
    |          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
    = note: BACKTRACE (of the first span):
    = note: inside `std::slice::from_raw_parts::<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/slice/raw.rs:102:9: 102:47
    = note: inside `<loop9::Triple<rgb::RGBA<u8>> as std::convert::AsRef<[rgb::RGBA<u8>]>>::as_ref` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/loop9-0.1.4/src/lib.rs:25:13: 25:54
    = note: inside `<loop9::Triple<rgb::RGBA<u8>> as std::ops::Deref>::deref` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/loop9-0.1.4/src/lib.rs:35:9: 35:22
    = note: inside `ravif::dirtyalpha::chain::<rgb::RGBA<u8>>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/ravif-0.11.4/src/dirtyalpha.rs:108:5: 108:15
    = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/ravif-0.11.4/src/dirtyalpha.rs:31:12: 31:35
    = note: inside `loop9::loop9::<rgb::RGBA<u8>, {closure@ravif::dirtyalpha::blurred_dirty_alpha::{closure#0}}>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/loop9-0.1.4/src/lib.rs:115:13: 115:105
    = note: inside `loop9::loop9_img::<rgb::RGBA<u8>, {closure@ravif::dirtyalpha::blurred_dirty_alpha::{closure#0}}>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/loop9-0.1.4/src/lib.rs:62:5: 62:52
    = note: inside `ravif::dirtyalpha::blurred_dirty_alpha` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/ravif-0.11.4/src/dirtyalpha.rs:27:5: 36:7
    = note: inside `ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::convert_alpha` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/ravif-0.11.4/src/av1encoder.rs:236:17: 236:47
    = note: inside `ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/ravif-0.11.4/src/av1encoder.rs:188:25: 188:54
    = note: inside `<image::codecs::avif::AvifEncoder<std::io::Sink> as image::ImageEncoder>::write_image` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/image-0.24.8/src/codecs/avif/encoder.rs:118:40: 118:72
note: inside `main`
   --> src/main.rs:13:10
    |
13  |     drop(AvifEncoder::new(sink()).write_image(&img, img.width(), img.height(), ColorType::Rgba8));
    |          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

note: some details are omitted, run with `MIRIFLAGS=-Zmiri-backtrace=full` for a verbose backtrace

error: aborting due to 1 previous error

Reproduction steps

1. Clone this repository: https://github.com/astral4/image-test
2. Run cargo run --release

I only observed UB on release builds with panic = "abort" and lto = true, but Miri still reports UB otherwise.

[fintelia]

Seems that miri thinks the loop9 crate itself has unsoundness. Simply doing:

loop9::Triple::new(1u8, 2, 3).as_ref();

Produces:

error: Undefined Behavior: trying to retag from <1689> for SharedReadOnly permission at alloc828[0x1], but that tag does not exist in the borrow stack for this location
   --> /home/jonathan/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/slice/raw.rs:102:9
    |
102 |         &*ptr::slice_from_raw_parts(data, len)
    |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
    |         |
    |         trying to retag from <1689> for SharedReadOnly permission at alloc828[0x1], but that tag does not exist in the borrow stack for this location
    |         this error occurs as part of retag at alloc828[0x0..0x3]
    |
    = help: this indicates a potential bug in the program: it performed an invalid operation, but the Stacked Borrows rules it violated are still experimental
    = help: see https://github.com/rust-lang/unsafe-code-guidelines/blob/master/wip/stacked-borrows.md for further information
help: <1689> was created by a SharedReadOnly retag at offsets [0x0..0x1]
   --> src/main.rs:2:5
    |
2   | /     loop9::Triple::new(1u8, 2, 3)
3   | |         .as_ref();
    | |_________________^
    = note: BACKTRACE (of the first span):
    = note: inside `std::slice::from_raw_parts::<'_, u8>` at /home/jonathan/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/slice/raw.rs:102:9: 102:47
    = note: inside `<loop9::Triple<u8> as std::convert::AsRef<[u8]>>::as_ref` at /home/jonathan/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/loop9-0.1.4/src/lib.rs:25:13: 25:54
note: inside `main`
   --> src/main.rs:2:5
    |
2   | /     loop9::Triple::new(1u8, 2, 3)
3   | |         .as_ref();
    | |_________________^

note: some details are omitted, run with `MIRIFLAGS=-Zmiri-backtrace=full` for a verbose backtrace

However, there doesn't seem to be a git repository linked from the crate page to create an issue against.

@kornelski, since you're listed as the crate owner, could you take a look?

[kornelski]

I've updated the crate. It didn't like me using address of the first field as the address of the struct. So I don't think there's any actual problem there, since the two pointers are numerically the same, it takes miri to spot the difference.

[astral4]

I updated the repository reproducing this issue to use loop9 0.1.5, but I still get zsh: illegal hardware instruction. (I also replaced the test image to speed up Miri runs.) Miri still reports UB, but now it is in the crossbeam-epoch crate. The output of cargo +nightly miri run is:

Output

Preparing a sysroot for Miri (target: aarch64-apple-darwin)... done
     Running `/Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/bin/cargo-miri runner target/miri/aarch64-apple-darwin/debug/image-test`
warning: integer-to-pointer cast
   --> /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/atomic.rs:204:11
    |
204 |         &*(ptr as *const T)
    |           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ integer-to-pointer cast
    |
    = help: This program is using integer-to-pointer casts or (equivalently) `ptr::from_exposed_addr`,
    = help: which means that Miri might miss pointer bugs in this program.
    = help: See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/ptr/fn.from_exposed_addr.html for more details on that operation.
    = help: To ensure that Miri does not miss bugs in your program, use Strict Provenance APIs (https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/ptr/index.html#strict-provenance, https://crates.io/crates/sptr) instead.
    = help: You can then pass the `-Zmiri-strict-provenance` flag to Miri, to ensure you are not relying on `from_exposed_addr` semantics.
    = help: Alternatively, the `-Zmiri-permissive-provenance` flag disables this warning.
    = note: BACKTRACE:
    = note: inside `<crossbeam_epoch::internal::Local as crossbeam_epoch::atomic::Pointable>::deref::<'_>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/atomic.rs:204:11: 204:28
    = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::atomic::Shared::<'_, crossbeam_epoch::internal::Local>::deref` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/atomic.rs:1421:9: 1421:22
    = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::sync::list::List::<crossbeam_epoch::internal::Local>::insert` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/sync/list.rs:176:41: 176:58
    = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::internal::Local::register` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/internal.rs:330:13: 330:65
    = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::collector::Collector::register` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/collector.rs:45:9: 45:30
    = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::default::HANDLE::__init` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/default.rs:34:34: 34:56
    = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/sys/common/thread_local/fast_local.rs:101:25: 101:33
    = note: inside `std::sys::common::thread_local::lazy::LazyKeyInner::<crossbeam_epoch::collector::LocalHandle>::initialize::<{closure@crossbeam_epoch::default::HANDLE::__getit::{closure#0}}>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/sys/common/thread_local/mod.rs:54:25: 54:31
    = note: inside `std::thread::local_impl::Key::<crossbeam_epoch::collector::LocalHandle>::try_initialize::<{closure@crossbeam_epoch::default::HANDLE::__getit::{closure#0}}>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/sys/common/thread_local/fast_local.rs:192:27: 192:54
    = note: inside `std::thread::local_impl::Key::<crossbeam_epoch::collector::LocalHandle>::get::<{closure@crossbeam_epoch::default::HANDLE::__getit::{closure#0}}>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/sys/common/thread_local/fast_local.rs:175:25: 175:50
    = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::default::HANDLE::__getit` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/sys/common/thread_local/fast_local.rs:93:21: 102:23
    = note: inside `std::thread::LocalKey::<crossbeam_epoch::collector::LocalHandle>::try_with::<{closure@crossbeam_epoch::default::with_handle<{closure@crossbeam_epoch::default::is_pinned::{closure#0}}, bool>::{closure#0}}, bool>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/thread/local.rs:285:32: 285:50
    = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::default::with_handle::<{closure@crossbeam_epoch::default::is_pinned::{closure#0}}, bool>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/default.rs:59:5: 60:28
    = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::default::is_pinned` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/default.rs:46:5: 46:45
    = note: inside `crossbeam_deque::deque::Stealer::<rayon_core::job::JobRef>::steal` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-deque-0.8.5/src/deque.rs:641:12: 641:30
    = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::WorkerThread::take_local_job` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:750:19: 750:39
    = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::WorkerThread::wait_until_cold` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:784:32: 784:53
    = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::WorkerThread::wait_until::<rayon_core::latch::OnceLatch>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:768:13: 768:40
    = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::WorkerThread::wait_until_out_of_work` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:817:9: 817:65
    = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::main_loop` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:922:5: 922:43
    = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::ThreadBuilder::run` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:52:18: 52:33
    = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:97:20: 97:32
    = note: inside `std::sys_common::backtrace::__rust_begin_short_backtrace::<{closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/sys_common/backtrace.rs:155:18: 155:21
    = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/thread/mod.rs:529:17: 529:78
    = note: inside `<std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe<{closure@std::thread::Builder::spawn_unchecked_<'_, '_, {closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>::{closure#1}::{closure#0}}> as std::ops::FnOnce<()>>::call_once` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/panic/unwind_safe.rs:272:9: 272:19
    = note: inside `std::panicking::r#try::do_call::<std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe<{closure@std::thread::Builder::spawn_unchecked_<'_, '_, {closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>::{closure#1}::{closure#0}}>, ()>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/panicking.rs:554:40: 554:43
    = note: inside `std::panicking::r#try::<(), std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe<{closure@std::thread::Builder::spawn_unchecked_<'_, '_, {closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>::{closure#1}::{closure#0}}>>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/panicking.rs:518:19: 518:81
    = note: inside `std::panic::catch_unwind::<std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe<{closure@std::thread::Builder::spawn_unchecked_<'_, '_, {closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>::{closure#1}::{closure#0}}>, ()>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/panic.rs:142:14: 142:33
    = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/thread/mod.rs:528:30: 530:16
    = note: inside `<{closure@std::thread::Builder::spawn_unchecked_<'_, '_, {closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>::{closure#1}} as std::ops::FnOnce<()>>::call_once - shim(vtable)` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/ops/function.rs:250:5: 250:71
    = note: inside `<std::boxed::Box<dyn std::ops::FnOnce()> as std::ops::FnOnce<()>>::call_once` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/alloc/src/boxed.rs:2016:9: 2016:52
    = note: inside `<std::boxed::Box<std::boxed::Box<dyn std::ops::FnOnce()>> as std::ops::FnOnce<()>>::call_once` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/alloc/src/boxed.rs:2016:9: 2016:52
    = note: inside `std::sys::unix::thread::Thread::new::thread_start` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/sys/unix/thread.rs:108:17: 108:64

warning: integer-to-pointer cast
    --> /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/atomic.rs:1345:9
     |
1345 |         raw as *const _
     |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ integer-to-pointer cast
     |
     = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::atomic::Shared::<'_, crossbeam_epoch::internal::Local>::as_raw` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/atomic.rs:1345:9: 1345:24
     = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::internal::Local::register` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/internal.rs:332:24: 332:38
     = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::collector::Collector::register` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/collector.rs:45:9: 45:30
     = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::default::HANDLE::__init` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/default.rs:34:34: 34:56
     = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/sys/common/thread_local/fast_local.rs:101:25: 101:33
     = note: inside `std::sys::common::thread_local::lazy::LazyKeyInner::<crossbeam_epoch::collector::LocalHandle>::initialize::<{closure@crossbeam_epoch::default::HANDLE::__getit::{closure#0}}>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/sys/common/thread_local/mod.rs:54:25: 54:31
     = note: inside `std::thread::local_impl::Key::<crossbeam_epoch::collector::LocalHandle>::try_initialize::<{closure@crossbeam_epoch::default::HANDLE::__getit::{closure#0}}>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/sys/common/thread_local/fast_local.rs:192:27: 192:54
     = note: inside `std::thread::local_impl::Key::<crossbeam_epoch::collector::LocalHandle>::get::<{closure@crossbeam_epoch::default::HANDLE::__getit::{closure#0}}>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/sys/common/thread_local/fast_local.rs:175:25: 175:50
     = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::default::HANDLE::__getit` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/sys/common/thread_local/fast_local.rs:93:21: 102:23
     = note: inside `std::thread::LocalKey::<crossbeam_epoch::collector::LocalHandle>::try_with::<{closure@crossbeam_epoch::default::with_handle<{closure@crossbeam_epoch::default::is_pinned::{closure#0}}, bool>::{closure#0}}, bool>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/thread/local.rs:285:32: 285:50
     = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::default::with_handle::<{closure@crossbeam_epoch::default::is_pinned::{closure#0}}, bool>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/default.rs:59:5: 60:28
     = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::default::is_pinned` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/default.rs:46:5: 46:45
     = note: inside `crossbeam_deque::deque::Stealer::<rayon_core::job::JobRef>::steal` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-deque-0.8.5/src/deque.rs:641:12: 641:30
     = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::WorkerThread::take_local_job` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:750:19: 750:39
     = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::WorkerThread::wait_until_cold` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:784:32: 784:53
     = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::WorkerThread::wait_until::<rayon_core::latch::OnceLatch>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:768:13: 768:40
     = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::WorkerThread::wait_until_out_of_work` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:817:9: 817:65
     = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::main_loop` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:922:5: 922:43
     = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::ThreadBuilder::run` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:52:18: 52:33
     = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:97:20: 97:32
     = note: inside `std::sys_common::backtrace::__rust_begin_short_backtrace::<{closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/sys_common/backtrace.rs:155:18: 155:21
     = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/thread/mod.rs:529:17: 529:78
     = note: inside `<std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe<{closure@std::thread::Builder::spawn_unchecked_<'_, '_, {closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>::{closure#1}::{closure#0}}> as std::ops::FnOnce<()>>::call_once` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/panic/unwind_safe.rs:272:9: 272:19
     = note: inside `std::panicking::r#try::do_call::<std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe<{closure@std::thread::Builder::spawn_unchecked_<'_, '_, {closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>::{closure#1}::{closure#0}}>, ()>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/panicking.rs:554:40: 554:43
     = note: inside `std::panicking::r#try::<(), std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe<{closure@std::thread::Builder::spawn_unchecked_<'_, '_, {closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>::{closure#1}::{closure#0}}>>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/panicking.rs:518:19: 518:81
     = note: inside `std::panic::catch_unwind::<std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe<{closure@std::thread::Builder::spawn_unchecked_<'_, '_, {closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>::{closure#1}::{closure#0}}>, ()>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/panic.rs:142:14: 142:33
     = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/thread/mod.rs:528:30: 530:16
     = note: inside `<{closure@std::thread::Builder::spawn_unchecked_<'_, '_, {closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>::{closure#1}} as std::ops::FnOnce<()>>::call_once - shim(vtable)` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/ops/function.rs:250:5: 250:71
     = note: inside `<std::boxed::Box<dyn std::ops::FnOnce()> as std::ops::FnOnce<()>>::call_once` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/alloc/src/boxed.rs:2016:9: 2016:52
     = note: inside `<std::boxed::Box<std::boxed::Box<dyn std::ops::FnOnce()>> as std::ops::FnOnce<()>>::call_once` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/alloc/src/boxed.rs:2016:9: 2016:52
     = note: inside `std::sys::unix::thread::Thread::new::thread_start` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/sys/unix/thread.rs:108:17: 108:64

error: Undefined Behavior: trying to retag from <3072939> for SharedReadWrite permission at alloc1267265[0x8], but that tag does not exist in the borrow stack for this location
   --> /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/internal.rs:549:9
    |
549 |         &*local_ptr
    |         ^^^^^^^^^^^
    |         |
    |         trying to retag from <3072939> for SharedReadWrite permission at alloc1267265[0x8], but that tag does not exist in the borrow stack for this location
    |         this error occurs as part of retag at alloc1267265[0x0..0x180]
    |
    = help: this indicates a potential bug in the program: it performed an invalid operation, but the Stacked Borrows rules it violated are still experimental
    = help: see https://github.com/rust-lang/unsafe-code-guidelines/blob/master/wip/stacked-borrows.md for further information
help: <3072939> was created by a SharedReadWrite retag at offsets [0x0..0x8]
   --> /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/internal.rs:548:26
    |
548 |         let local_ptr = (entry as *const Entry).cast::<Self>();
    |                          ^^^^^
    = note: BACKTRACE (of the first span):
    = note: inside `<crossbeam_epoch::internal::Local as crossbeam_epoch::sync::list::IsElement<crossbeam_epoch::internal::Local>>::element_of` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/internal.rs:549:9: 549:20
    = note: inside `<crossbeam_epoch::sync::list::Iter<'_, crossbeam_epoch::internal::Local, crossbeam_epoch::internal::Local> as std::iter::Iterator>::next` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/sync/list.rs:290:37: 290:53
    = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::internal::Global::try_advance` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/internal.rs:235:22: 235:45
    = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::internal::Global::collect` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/internal.rs:200:28: 200:51
    = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::internal::Local::pin` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/internal.rs:435:17: 435:46
    = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::collector::LocalHandle::pin` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/collector.rs:81:18: 81:37
    = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/default.rs:40:26: 40:38
    = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/default.rs:60:23: 60:27
    = note: inside `std::thread::LocalKey::<crossbeam_epoch::collector::LocalHandle>::try_with::<{closure@crossbeam_epoch::default::with_handle<{closure@crossbeam_epoch::default::pin::{closure#0}}, crossbeam_epoch::guard::Guard>::{closure#0}}, crossbeam_epoch::guard::Guard>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/thread/local.rs:286:16: 286:31
    = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::default::with_handle::<{closure@crossbeam_epoch::default::pin::{closure#0}}, crossbeam_epoch::guard::Guard>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/default.rs:59:5: 60:28
    = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::default::pin` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/default.rs:40:5: 40:39
    = note: inside `crossbeam_deque::deque::Stealer::<rayon_core::job::JobRef>::steal` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-deque-0.8.5/src/deque.rs:645:22: 645:34
    = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::WorkerThread::take_local_job` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:750:19: 750:39
    = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::WorkerThread::wait_until_cold` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:784:32: 784:53
    = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::WorkerThread::wait_until::<rayon_core::latch::OnceLatch>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:768:13: 768:40
    = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::WorkerThread::wait_until_out_of_work` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:817:9: 817:65
    = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::main_loop` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:922:5: 922:43
    = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::ThreadBuilder::run` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:52:18: 52:33
    = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:97:20: 97:32
    = note: inside `std::sys_common::backtrace::__rust_begin_short_backtrace::<{closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/sys_common/backtrace.rs:155:18: 155:21
    = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/thread/mod.rs:529:17: 529:78
    = note: inside `<std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe<{closure@std::thread::Builder::spawn_unchecked_<'_, '_, {closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>::{closure#1}::{closure#0}}> as std::ops::FnOnce<()>>::call_once` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/panic/unwind_safe.rs:272:9: 272:19
    = note: inside `std::panicking::r#try::do_call::<std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe<{closure@std::thread::Builder::spawn_unchecked_<'_, '_, {closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>::{closure#1}::{closure#0}}>, ()>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/panicking.rs:554:40: 554:43
    = note: inside `std::panicking::r#try::<(), std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe<{closure@std::thread::Builder::spawn_unchecked_<'_, '_, {closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>::{closure#1}::{closure#0}}>>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/panicking.rs:518:19: 518:81
    = note: inside `std::panic::catch_unwind::<std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe<{closure@std::thread::Builder::spawn_unchecked_<'_, '_, {closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>::{closure#1}::{closure#0}}>, ()>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/panic.rs:142:14: 142:33
    = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/thread/mod.rs:528:30: 530:16
    = note: inside `<{closure@std::thread::Builder::spawn_unchecked_<'_, '_, {closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>::{closure#1}} as std::ops::FnOnce<()>>::call_once - shim(vtable)` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/ops/function.rs:250:5: 250:71
    = note: inside `<std::boxed::Box<dyn std::ops::FnOnce()> as std::ops::FnOnce<()>>::call_once` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/alloc/src/boxed.rs:2016:9: 2016:52
    = note: inside `<std::boxed::Box<std::boxed::Box<dyn std::ops::FnOnce()>> as std::ops::FnOnce<()>>::call_once` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/alloc/src/boxed.rs:2016:9: 2016:52
    = note: inside `std::sys::unix::thread::Thread::new::thread_start` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/sys/unix/thread.rs:108:17: 108:64

error: aborting due to 1 previous error; 2 warnings emitted

This error doesn't happen with -Zmiri-disable-stacked-borrows or -Zmiri-tree-borrows. Instead, Miri errors upon encountering this foreign function in the rav1e crate, since Miri doesn't support calling it.

Output

Preparing a sysroot for Miri (target: aarch64-apple-darwin)... done
     Running `/Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/bin/cargo-miri runner target/miri/aarch64-apple-darwin/debug/image-test`
warning: integer-to-pointer cast
   --> /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/atomic.rs:204:11
    |
204 |         &*(ptr as *const T)
    |           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ integer-to-pointer cast
    |
    = help: This program is using integer-to-pointer casts or (equivalently) `ptr::from_exposed_addr`,
    = help: which means that Miri might miss pointer bugs in this program.
    = help: See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/ptr/fn.from_exposed_addr.html for more details on that operation.
    = help: To ensure that Miri does not miss bugs in your program, use Strict Provenance APIs (https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/ptr/index.html#strict-provenance, https://crates.io/crates/sptr) instead.
    = help: You can then pass the `-Zmiri-strict-provenance` flag to Miri, to ensure you are not relying on `from_exposed_addr` semantics.
    = help: Alternatively, the `-Zmiri-permissive-provenance` flag disables this warning.
    = note: BACKTRACE:
    = note: inside `<crossbeam_epoch::internal::Local as crossbeam_epoch::atomic::Pointable>::deref::<'_>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/atomic.rs:204:11: 204:28
    = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::atomic::Shared::<'_, crossbeam_epoch::internal::Local>::deref` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/atomic.rs:1421:9: 1421:22
    = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::sync::list::List::<crossbeam_epoch::internal::Local>::insert` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/sync/list.rs:176:41: 176:58
    = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::internal::Local::register` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/internal.rs:330:13: 330:65
    = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::collector::Collector::register` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/collector.rs:45:9: 45:30
    = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::default::HANDLE::__init` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/default.rs:34:34: 34:56
    = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/sys/common/thread_local/fast_local.rs:101:25: 101:33
    = note: inside `std::sys::common::thread_local::lazy::LazyKeyInner::<crossbeam_epoch::collector::LocalHandle>::initialize::<{closure@crossbeam_epoch::default::HANDLE::__getit::{closure#0}}>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/sys/common/thread_local/mod.rs:54:25: 54:31
    = note: inside `std::thread::local_impl::Key::<crossbeam_epoch::collector::LocalHandle>::try_initialize::<{closure@crossbeam_epoch::default::HANDLE::__getit::{closure#0}}>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/sys/common/thread_local/fast_local.rs:192:27: 192:54
    = note: inside `std::thread::local_impl::Key::<crossbeam_epoch::collector::LocalHandle>::get::<{closure@crossbeam_epoch::default::HANDLE::__getit::{closure#0}}>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/sys/common/thread_local/fast_local.rs:175:25: 175:50
    = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::default::HANDLE::__getit` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/sys/common/thread_local/fast_local.rs:93:21: 102:23
    = note: inside `std::thread::LocalKey::<crossbeam_epoch::collector::LocalHandle>::try_with::<{closure@crossbeam_epoch::default::with_handle<{closure@crossbeam_epoch::default::is_pinned::{closure#0}}, bool>::{closure#0}}, bool>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/thread/local.rs:285:32: 285:50
    = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::default::with_handle::<{closure@crossbeam_epoch::default::is_pinned::{closure#0}}, bool>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/default.rs:59:5: 60:28
    = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::default::is_pinned` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/default.rs:46:5: 46:45
    = note: inside `crossbeam_deque::deque::Stealer::<rayon_core::job::JobRef>::steal` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-deque-0.8.5/src/deque.rs:641:12: 641:30
    = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::WorkerThread::take_local_job` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:750:19: 750:39
    = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::WorkerThread::wait_until_cold` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:784:32: 784:53
    = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::WorkerThread::wait_until::<rayon_core::latch::OnceLatch>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:768:13: 768:40
    = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::WorkerThread::wait_until_out_of_work` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:817:9: 817:65
    = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::main_loop` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:922:5: 922:43
    = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::ThreadBuilder::run` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:52:18: 52:33
    = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:97:20: 97:32
    = note: inside `std::sys_common::backtrace::__rust_begin_short_backtrace::<{closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/sys_common/backtrace.rs:155:18: 155:21
    = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/thread/mod.rs:529:17: 529:78
    = note: inside `<std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe<{closure@std::thread::Builder::spawn_unchecked_<'_, '_, {closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>::{closure#1}::{closure#0}}> as std::ops::FnOnce<()>>::call_once` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/panic/unwind_safe.rs:272:9: 272:19
    = note: inside `std::panicking::r#try::do_call::<std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe<{closure@std::thread::Builder::spawn_unchecked_<'_, '_, {closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>::{closure#1}::{closure#0}}>, ()>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/panicking.rs:554:40: 554:43
    = note: inside `std::panicking::r#try::<(), std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe<{closure@std::thread::Builder::spawn_unchecked_<'_, '_, {closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>::{closure#1}::{closure#0}}>>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/panicking.rs:518:19: 518:81
    = note: inside `std::panic::catch_unwind::<std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe<{closure@std::thread::Builder::spawn_unchecked_<'_, '_, {closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>::{closure#1}::{closure#0}}>, ()>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/panic.rs:142:14: 142:33
    = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/thread/mod.rs:528:30: 530:16
    = note: inside `<{closure@std::thread::Builder::spawn_unchecked_<'_, '_, {closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>::{closure#1}} as std::ops::FnOnce<()>>::call_once - shim(vtable)` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/ops/function.rs:250:5: 250:71
    = note: inside `<std::boxed::Box<dyn std::ops::FnOnce()> as std::ops::FnOnce<()>>::call_once` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/alloc/src/boxed.rs:2016:9: 2016:52
    = note: inside `<std::boxed::Box<std::boxed::Box<dyn std::ops::FnOnce()>> as std::ops::FnOnce<()>>::call_once` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/alloc/src/boxed.rs:2016:9: 2016:52
    = note: inside `std::sys::unix::thread::Thread::new::thread_start` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/sys/unix/thread.rs:108:17: 108:64

warning: integer-to-pointer cast
    --> /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/atomic.rs:1345:9
     |
1345 |         raw as *const _
     |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ integer-to-pointer cast
     |
     = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::atomic::Shared::<'_, crossbeam_epoch::internal::Local>::as_raw` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/atomic.rs:1345:9: 1345:24
     = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::internal::Local::register` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/internal.rs:332:24: 332:38
     = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::collector::Collector::register` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/collector.rs:45:9: 45:30
     = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::default::HANDLE::__init` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/default.rs:34:34: 34:56
     = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/sys/common/thread_local/fast_local.rs:101:25: 101:33
     = note: inside `std::sys::common::thread_local::lazy::LazyKeyInner::<crossbeam_epoch::collector::LocalHandle>::initialize::<{closure@crossbeam_epoch::default::HANDLE::__getit::{closure#0}}>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/sys/common/thread_local/mod.rs:54:25: 54:31
     = note: inside `std::thread::local_impl::Key::<crossbeam_epoch::collector::LocalHandle>::try_initialize::<{closure@crossbeam_epoch::default::HANDLE::__getit::{closure#0}}>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/sys/common/thread_local/fast_local.rs:192:27: 192:54
     = note: inside `std::thread::local_impl::Key::<crossbeam_epoch::collector::LocalHandle>::get::<{closure@crossbeam_epoch::default::HANDLE::__getit::{closure#0}}>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/sys/common/thread_local/fast_local.rs:175:25: 175:50
     = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::default::HANDLE::__getit` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/sys/common/thread_local/fast_local.rs:93:21: 102:23
     = note: inside `std::thread::LocalKey::<crossbeam_epoch::collector::LocalHandle>::try_with::<{closure@crossbeam_epoch::default::with_handle<{closure@crossbeam_epoch::default::is_pinned::{closure#0}}, bool>::{closure#0}}, bool>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/thread/local.rs:285:32: 285:50
     = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::default::with_handle::<{closure@crossbeam_epoch::default::is_pinned::{closure#0}}, bool>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/default.rs:59:5: 60:28
     = note: inside `crossbeam_epoch::default::is_pinned` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-epoch-0.9.18/src/default.rs:46:5: 46:45
     = note: inside `crossbeam_deque::deque::Stealer::<rayon_core::job::JobRef>::steal` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/crossbeam-deque-0.8.5/src/deque.rs:641:12: 641:30
     = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::WorkerThread::take_local_job` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:750:19: 750:39
     = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::WorkerThread::wait_until_cold` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:784:32: 784:53
     = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::WorkerThread::wait_until::<rayon_core::latch::OnceLatch>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:768:13: 768:40
     = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::WorkerThread::wait_until_out_of_work` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:817:9: 817:65
     = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::main_loop` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:922:5: 922:43
     = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::ThreadBuilder::run` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:52:18: 52:33
     = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:97:20: 97:32
     = note: inside `std::sys_common::backtrace::__rust_begin_short_backtrace::<{closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/sys_common/backtrace.rs:155:18: 155:21
     = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/thread/mod.rs:529:17: 529:78
     = note: inside `<std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe<{closure@std::thread::Builder::spawn_unchecked_<'_, '_, {closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>::{closure#1}::{closure#0}}> as std::ops::FnOnce<()>>::call_once` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/panic/unwind_safe.rs:272:9: 272:19
     = note: inside `std::panicking::r#try::do_call::<std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe<{closure@std::thread::Builder::spawn_unchecked_<'_, '_, {closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>::{closure#1}::{closure#0}}>, ()>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/panicking.rs:554:40: 554:43
     = note: inside `std::panicking::r#try::<(), std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe<{closure@std::thread::Builder::spawn_unchecked_<'_, '_, {closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>::{closure#1}::{closure#0}}>>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/panicking.rs:518:19: 518:81
     = note: inside `std::panic::catch_unwind::<std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe<{closure@std::thread::Builder::spawn_unchecked_<'_, '_, {closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>::{closure#1}::{closure#0}}>, ()>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/panic.rs:142:14: 142:33
     = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/thread/mod.rs:528:30: 530:16
     = note: inside `<{closure@std::thread::Builder::spawn_unchecked_<'_, '_, {closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>::{closure#1}} as std::ops::FnOnce<()>>::call_once - shim(vtable)` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/ops/function.rs:250:5: 250:71
     = note: inside `<std::boxed::Box<dyn std::ops::FnOnce()> as std::ops::FnOnce<()>>::call_once` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/alloc/src/boxed.rs:2016:9: 2016:52
     = note: inside `<std::boxed::Box<std::boxed::Box<dyn std::ops::FnOnce()>> as std::ops::FnOnce<()>>::call_once` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/alloc/src/boxed.rs:2016:9: 2016:52
     = note: inside `std::sys::unix::thread::Thread::new::thread_start` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/sys/unix/thread.rs:108:17: 108:64

error: unsupported operation: can't call foreign function `rav1e_ipred_smooth_8bpc_neon` on OS `macos`
   --> /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rav1e-0.7.1/src/asm/aarch64/predict.rs:529:11
    |
529 |           rav1e_ipred_smooth_8bpc_neon(dst_ptr, stride, edge_ptr, w, h, angle);
    |           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ can't call foreign function `rav1e_ipred_smooth_8bpc_neon` on OS `macos`
    |
    = help: this is likely not a bug in the program; it indicates that the program performed an operation that the interpreter does not support
    = note: BACKTRACE:
    = note: inside `rav1e::asm::aarch64::predict::dispatch_predict_intra::<u8>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rav1e-0.7.1/src/asm/aarch64/predict.rs:529:11: 529:79
    = note: inside `rav1e::predict::PredictionMode::predict_intra::<u8>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rav1e-0.7.1/src/predict.rs:244:5: 247:6
    = note: inside `rav1e::rdo::intra_frame_rdo_mode_decision::<u8>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rav1e-0.7.1/src/rdo.rs:1475:9: 1485:10
    = note: inside `rav1e::rdo::rdo_mode_decision::<u8>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rav1e-0.7.1/src/rdo.rs:998:12: 1008:6
    = note: inside `rav1e::encoder::encode_partition_bottomup::<u8, rav1e::ec::WriterBase<rav1e::ec::WriterRecorder>>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rav1e-0.7.1/src/encoder.rs:2696:7: 2696:63
    = note: inside `rav1e::encoder::encode_partition_bottomup::<u8, rav1e::ec::WriterBase<rav1e::ec::WriterRecorder>>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rav1e-0.7.1/src/encoder.rs:2806:32: 2817:10
    = note: inside `rav1e::encoder::encode_tile::<u8>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rav1e-0.7.1/src/encoder.rs:3516:9: 3527:10
    = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rav1e-0.7.1/src/encoder.rs:3256:7: 3256:64
    = note: inside `std::ops::function::impls::<impl std::ops::FnMut<((rav1e::tiling::tiler::TileContextMut<'_, u8>, &mut rav1e::context::cdf_context::CDFContext),)> for &{closure@rav1e::encoder::encode_tile_group<u8>::{closure#0}}>::call_mut` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/ops/function.rs:272:13: 272:32
    = note: inside `std::ops::function::impls::<impl std::ops::FnOnce<((rav1e::tiling::tiler::TileContextMut<'_, u8>, &mut rav1e::context::cdf_context::CDFContext),)> for &mut &{closure@rav1e::encoder::encode_tile_group<u8>::{closure#0}}>::call_once` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/ops/function.rs:305:13: 305:35
    = note: inside `std::option::Option::<(rav1e::tiling::tiler::TileContextMut<'_, u8>, &mut rav1e::context::cdf_context::CDFContext)>::map::<(std::vec::Vec<u8>, rav1e::stats::EncoderStats), &mut &{closure@rav1e::encoder::encode_tile_group<u8>::{closure#0}}>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/option.rs:1072:29: 1072:33
    = note: inside `<std::iter::Map<rayon::vec::SliceDrain<'_, (rav1e::tiling::tiler::TileContextMut<'_, u8>, &mut rav1e::context::cdf_context::CDFContext)>, &{closure@rav1e::encoder::encode_tile_group<u8>::{closure#0}}> as std::iter::Iterator>::next` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/iter/adapters/map.rs:104:9: 104:42
    = note: inside `<rayon::iter::unzip::UnzipFolder<'_, rayon::iter::unzip::Unzip, rayon::iter::collect::consumer::CollectResult<'_, std::vec::Vec<u8>>, rayon::iter::collect::consumer::CollectResult<'_, rav1e::stats::EncoderStats>> as rayon::iter::plumbing::Folder<(std::vec::Vec<u8>, rav1e::stats::EncoderStats)>>::consume_iter::<std::iter::Map<rayon::vec::SliceDrain<'_, (rav1e::tiling::tiler::TileContextMut<'_, u8>, &mut rav1e::context::cdf_context::CDFContext)>, &{closure@rav1e::encoder::encode_tile_group<u8>::{closure#0}}>>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-1.8.0/src/iter/plumbing/mod.rs:178:21: 178:25
    = note: inside `<rayon::iter::map::MapFolder<'_, rayon::iter::unzip::UnzipFolder<'_, rayon::iter::unzip::Unzip, rayon::iter::collect::consumer::CollectResult<'_, std::vec::Vec<u8>>, rayon::iter::collect::consumer::CollectResult<'_, rav1e::stats::EncoderStats>>, {closure@rav1e::encoder::encode_tile_group<u8>::{closure#0}}> as rayon::iter::plumbing::Folder<(rav1e::tiling::tiler::TileContextMut<'_, u8>, &mut rav1e::context::cdf_context::CDFContext)>>::consume_iter::<rayon::vec::SliceDrain<'_, (rav1e::tiling::tiler::TileContextMut<'_, u8>, &mut rav1e::context::cdf_context::CDFContext)>>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-1.8.0/src/iter/map.rs:248:21: 248:78
    = note: inside `<rayon::vec::DrainProducer<'_, (rav1e::tiling::tiler::TileContextMut<'_, u8>, &mut rav1e::context::cdf_context::CDFContext)> as rayon::iter::plumbing::Producer>::fold_with::<rayon::iter::map::MapFolder<'_, rayon::iter::unzip::UnzipFolder<'_, rayon::iter::unzip::Unzip, rayon::iter::collect::consumer::CollectResult<'_, std::vec::Vec<u8>>, rayon::iter::collect::consumer::CollectResult<'_, rav1e::stats::EncoderStats>>, {closure@rav1e::encoder::encode_tile_group<u8>::{closure#0}}>>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-1.8.0/src/iter/plumbing/mod.rs:110:9: 110:46
    = note: inside `rayon::iter::plumbing::bridge_producer_consumer::helper::<rayon::vec::DrainProducer<'_, (rav1e::tiling::tiler::TileContextMut<'_, u8>, &mut rav1e::context::cdf_context::CDFContext)>, rayon::iter::map::MapConsumer<'_, rayon::iter::unzip::UnzipConsumer<'_, rayon::iter::unzip::Unzip, rayon::iter::collect::consumer::CollectConsumer<'_, std::vec::Vec<u8>>, rayon::iter::collect::consumer::CollectConsumer<'_, rav1e::stats::EncoderStats>>, {closure@rav1e::encoder::encode_tile_group<u8>::{closure#0}}>>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-1.8.0/src/iter/plumbing/mod.rs:438:13: 438:55
    = note: inside `rayon::iter::plumbing::bridge_producer_consumer::<rayon::vec::DrainProducer<'_, (rav1e::tiling::tiler::TileContextMut<'_, u8>, &mut rav1e::context::cdf_context::CDFContext)>, rayon::iter::map::MapConsumer<'_, rayon::iter::unzip::UnzipConsumer<'_, rayon::iter::unzip::Unzip, rayon::iter::collect::consumer::CollectConsumer<'_, std::vec::Vec<u8>>, rayon::iter::collect::consumer::CollectConsumer<'_, rav1e::stats::EncoderStats>>, {closure@rav1e::encoder::encode_tile_group<u8>::{closure#0}}>>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-1.8.0/src/iter/plumbing/mod.rs:397:12: 397:60
    = note: inside `<rayon::iter::plumbing::bridge::Callback<rayon::iter::map::MapConsumer<'_, rayon::iter::unzip::UnzipConsumer<'_, rayon::iter::unzip::Unzip, rayon::iter::collect::consumer::CollectConsumer<'_, std::vec::Vec<u8>>, rayon::iter::collect::consumer::CollectConsumer<'_, rav1e::stats::EncoderStats>>, {closure@rav1e::encoder::encode_tile_group<u8>::{closure#0}}>> as rayon::iter::plumbing::ProducerCallback<(rav1e::tiling::tiler::TileContextMut<'_, u8>, &mut rav1e::context::cdf_context::CDFContext)>>::callback::<rayon::vec::DrainProducer<'_, (rav1e::tiling::tiler::TileContextMut<'_, u8>, &mut rav1e::context::cdf_context::CDFContext)>>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-1.8.0/src/iter/plumbing/mod.rs:373:13: 373:72
    = note: inside `<rayon::vec::Drain<'_, (rav1e::tiling::tiler::TileContextMut<'_, u8>, &mut rav1e::context::cdf_context::CDFContext)> as rayon::iter::IndexedParallelIterator>::with_producer::<rayon::iter::plumbing::bridge::Callback<rayon::iter::map::MapConsumer<'_, rayon::iter::unzip::UnzipConsumer<'_, rayon::iter::unzip::Unzip, rayon::iter::collect::consumer::CollectConsumer<'_, std::vec::Vec<u8>>, rayon::iter::collect::consumer::CollectConsumer<'_, rav1e::stats::EncoderStats>>, {closure@rav1e::encoder::encode_tile_group<u8>::{closure#0}}>>>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-1.8.0/src/vec.rs:147:13: 147:40
    = note: inside `<rayon::vec::IntoIter<(rav1e::tiling::tiler::TileContextMut<'_, u8>, &mut rav1e::context::cdf_context::CDFContext)> as rayon::iter::IndexedParallelIterator>::with_producer::<rayon::iter::plumbing::bridge::Callback<rayon::iter::map::MapConsumer<'_, rayon::iter::unzip::UnzipConsumer<'_, rayon::iter::unzip::Unzip, rayon::iter::collect::consumer::CollectConsumer<'_, std::vec::Vec<u8>>, rayon::iter::collect::consumer::CollectConsumer<'_, rav1e::stats::EncoderStats>>, {closure@rav1e::encoder::encode_tile_group<u8>::{closure#0}}>>>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-1.8.0/src/vec.rs:83:9: 83:55
    = note: inside `rayon::iter::plumbing::bridge::<rayon::vec::IntoIter<(rav1e::tiling::tiler::TileContextMut<'_, u8>, &mut rav1e::context::cdf_context::CDFContext)>, rayon::iter::map::MapConsumer<'_, rayon::iter::unzip::UnzipConsumer<'_, rayon::iter::unzip::Unzip, rayon::iter::collect::consumer::CollectConsumer<'_, std::vec::Vec<u8>>, rayon::iter::collect::consumer::CollectConsumer<'_, rav1e::stats::EncoderStats>>, {closure@rav1e::encoder::encode_tile_group<u8>::{closure#0}}>>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-1.8.0/src/iter/plumbing/mod.rs:357:12: 357:62
    = note: inside `<rayon::vec::IntoIter<(rav1e::tiling::tiler::TileContextMut<'_, u8>, &mut rav1e::context::cdf_context::CDFContext)> as rayon::iter::ParallelIterator>::drive_unindexed::<rayon::iter::map::MapConsumer<'_, rayon::iter::unzip::UnzipConsumer<'_, rayon::iter::unzip::Unzip, rayon::iter::collect::consumer::CollectConsumer<'_, std::vec::Vec<u8>>, rayon::iter::collect::consumer::CollectConsumer<'_, rav1e::stats::EncoderStats>>, {closure@rav1e::encoder::encode_tile_group<u8>::{closure#0}}>>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-1.8.0/src/vec.rs:58:9: 58:31
    = note: inside `<rayon::iter::map::Map<rayon::vec::IntoIter<(rav1e::tiling::tiler::TileContextMut<'_, u8>, &mut rav1e::context::cdf_context::CDFContext)>, {closure@rav1e::encoder::encode_tile_group<u8>::{closure#0}}> as rayon::iter::ParallelIterator>::drive_unindexed::<rayon::iter::unzip::UnzipConsumer<'_, rayon::iter::unzip::Unzip, rayon::iter::collect::consumer::CollectConsumer<'_, std::vec::Vec<u8>>, rayon::iter::collect::consumer::CollectConsumer<'_, rav1e::stats::EncoderStats>>>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-1.8.0/src/iter/map.rs:49:9: 49:45
    = note: inside `<rayon::iter::unzip::UnzipB<'_, rayon::iter::map::Map<rayon::vec::IntoIter<(rav1e::tiling::tiler::TileContextMut<'_, u8>, &mut rav1e::context::cdf_context::CDFContext)>, {closure@rav1e::encoder::encode_tile_group<u8>::{closure#0}}>, rayon::iter::unzip::Unzip, rayon::iter::collect::consumer::CollectConsumer<'_, std::vec::Vec<u8>>> as rayon::iter::ParallelIterator>::drive_unindexed::<rayon::iter::collect::consumer::CollectConsumer<'_, rav1e::stats::EncoderStats>>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-1.8.0/src/iter/unzip.rs:271:22: 271:57
    = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-1.8.0/src/iter/collect/mod.rs:39:46: 39:74
    = note: inside `rayon::iter::collect::collect_with_consumer::<rav1e::stats::EncoderStats, {closure@rayon::iter::collect::special_extend<rayon::iter::unzip::UnzipB<'_, rayon::iter::map::Map<rayon::vec::IntoIter<(rav1e::tiling::tiler::TileContextMut<'_, u8>, &mut rav1e::context::cdf_context::CDFContext)>, {closure@rav1e::encoder::encode_tile_group<u8>::{closure#0}}>, rayon::iter::unzip::Unzip, rayon::iter::collect::consumer::CollectConsumer<'_, std::vec::Vec<u8>>>, rav1e::stats::EncoderStats>::{closure#0}}>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-1.8.0/src/iter/collect/mod.rs:84:18: 84:63
    = note: inside `rayon::iter::collect::special_extend::<rayon::iter::unzip::UnzipB<'_, rayon::iter::map::Map<rayon::vec::IntoIter<(rav1e::tiling::tiler::TileContextMut<'_, u8>, &mut rav1e::context::cdf_context::CDFContext)>, {closure@rav1e::encoder::encode_tile_group<u8>::{closure#0}}>, rayon::iter::unzip::Unzip, rayon::iter::collect::consumer::CollectConsumer<'_, std::vec::Vec<u8>>>, rav1e::stats::EncoderStats>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-1.8.0/src/iter/collect/mod.rs:39:5: 39:75
    = note: inside `rayon::iter::extend::<impl rayon::iter::ParallelExtend<rav1e::stats::EncoderStats> for std::vec::Vec<rav1e::stats::EncoderStats>>::par_extend::<rayon::iter::unzip::UnzipB<'_, rayon::iter::map::Map<rayon::vec::IntoIter<(rav1e::tiling::tiler::TileContextMut<'_, u8>, &mut rav1e::context::cdf_context::CDFContext)>, {closure@rav1e::encoder::encode_tile_group<u8>::{closure#0}}>, rayon::iter::unzip::Unzip, rayon::iter::collect::consumer::CollectConsumer<'_, std::vec::Vec<u8>>>>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-1.8.0/src/iter/extend.rs:582:17: 582:68
    = note: inside `<rayon::iter::unzip::UnzipA<'_, rayon::iter::map::Map<rayon::vec::IntoIter<(rav1e::tiling::tiler::TileContextMut<'_, u8>, &mut rav1e::context::cdf_context::CDFContext)>, {closure@rav1e::encoder::encode_tile_group<u8>::{closure#0}}>, rayon::iter::unzip::Unzip, std::vec::Vec<rav1e::stats::EncoderStats>> as rayon::iter::ParallelIterator>::drive_unindexed::<rayon::iter::collect::consumer::CollectConsumer<'_, std::vec::Vec<u8>>>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-1.8.0/src/iter/unzip.rs:221:13: 221:36
    = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-1.8.0/src/iter/collect/mod.rs:39:46: 39:74
    = note: inside `rayon::iter::collect::collect_with_consumer::<std::vec::Vec<u8>, {closure@rayon::iter::collect::special_extend<rayon::iter::unzip::UnzipA<'_, rayon::iter::map::Map<rayon::vec::IntoIter<(rav1e::tiling::tiler::TileContextMut<'_, u8>, &mut rav1e::context::cdf_context::CDFContext)>, {closure@rav1e::encoder::encode_tile_group<u8>::{closure#0}}>, rayon::iter::unzip::Unzip, std::vec::Vec<rav1e::stats::EncoderStats>>, std::vec::Vec<u8>>::{closure#0}}>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-1.8.0/src/iter/collect/mod.rs:84:18: 84:63
    = note: inside `rayon::iter::collect::special_extend::<rayon::iter::unzip::UnzipA<'_, rayon::iter::map::Map<rayon::vec::IntoIter<(rav1e::tiling::tiler::TileContextMut<'_, u8>, &mut rav1e::context::cdf_context::CDFContext)>, {closure@rav1e::encoder::encode_tile_group<u8>::{closure#0}}>, rayon::iter::unzip::Unzip, std::vec::Vec<rav1e::stats::EncoderStats>>, std::vec::Vec<u8>>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-1.8.0/src/iter/collect/mod.rs:39:5: 39:75
    = note: inside `rayon::iter::extend::<impl rayon::iter::ParallelExtend<std::vec::Vec<u8>> for std::vec::Vec<std::vec::Vec<u8>>>::par_extend::<rayon::iter::unzip::UnzipA<'_, rayon::iter::map::Map<rayon::vec::IntoIter<(rav1e::tiling::tiler::TileContextMut<'_, u8>, &mut rav1e::context::cdf_context::CDFContext)>, {closure@rav1e::encoder::encode_tile_group<u8>::{closure#0}}>, rayon::iter::unzip::Unzip, std::vec::Vec<rav1e::stats::EncoderStats>>>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-1.8.0/src/iter/extend.rs:582:17: 582:68
    = note: inside `rayon::iter::unzip::execute_into::<rayon::iter::map::Map<rayon::vec::IntoIter<(rav1e::tiling::tiler::TileContextMut<'_, u8>, &mut rav1e::context::cdf_context::CDFContext)>, {closure@rav1e::encoder::encode_tile_group<u8>::{closure#0}}>, rayon::iter::unzip::Unzip, std::vec::Vec<std::vec::Vec<u8>>, std::vec::Vec<rav1e::stats::EncoderStats>>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-1.8.0/src/iter/unzip.rs:54:5: 54:23
    = note: inside `rayon::iter::unzip::execute::<rayon::iter::map::Map<rayon::vec::IntoIter<(rav1e::tiling::tiler::TileContextMut<'_, u8>, &mut rav1e::context::cdf_context::CDFContext)>, {closure@rav1e::encoder::encode_tile_group<u8>::{closure#0}}>, rayon::iter::unzip::Unzip, std::vec::Vec<std::vec::Vec<u8>>, std::vec::Vec<rav1e::stats::EncoderStats>>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-1.8.0/src/iter/unzip.rs:38:5: 38:41
    = note: inside `rayon::iter::unzip::unzip::<rayon::iter::map::Map<rayon::vec::IntoIter<(rav1e::tiling::tiler::TileContextMut<'_, u8>, &mut rav1e::context::cdf_context::CDFContext)>, {closure@rav1e::encoder::encode_tile_group<u8>::{closure#0}}>, std::vec::Vec<u8>, rav1e::stats::EncoderStats, std::vec::Vec<std::vec::Vec<u8>>, std::vec::Vec<rav1e::stats::EncoderStats>>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-1.8.0/src/iter/unzip.rs:69:5: 69:23
    = note: inside `<rayon::iter::map::Map<rayon::vec::IntoIter<(rav1e::tiling::tiler::TileContextMut<'_, u8>, &mut rav1e::context::cdf_context::CDFContext)>, {closure@rav1e::encoder::encode_tile_group<u8>::{closure#0}}> as rayon::iter::ParallelIterator>::unzip::<std::vec::Vec<u8>, rav1e::stats::EncoderStats, std::vec::Vec<std::vec::Vec<u8>>, std::vec::Vec<rav1e::stats::EncoderStats>>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-1.8.0/src/iter/mod.rs:2101:9: 2101:27
    = note: inside `rav1e::encoder::encode_tile_group::<u8>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rav1e-0.7.1/src/encoder.rs:3250:46: 3258:13
    = note: inside `rav1e::encoder::encode_frame::<u8>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rav1e-0.7.1/src/encoder.rs:3781:20: 3781:56
    = note: inside `rav1e::api::internal::ContextInner::<u8>::encode_normal_packet` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rav1e-0.7.1/src/api/internal.rs:1397:7: 1397:72
    = note: inside `rav1e::api::internal::ContextInner::<u8>::encode_packet` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rav1e-0.7.1/src/api/internal.rs:1276:7: 1276:52
    = note: inside `rav1e::api::internal::ContextInner::<u8>::receive_packet` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rav1e-0.7.1/src/api/internal.rs:1513:19: 1513:57
    = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rav1e-0.7.1/src/api/context.rs:305:27: 305:49
    = note: inside `rav1e::api::context::Context::<u8>::receive_packet` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rav1e-0.7.1/src/api/context.rs:309:15: 309:20
    = note: inside `ravif::av1encoder::encode_to_av1::<u8, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_raw_planes<u8, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#5}}>, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#6}}>>::{closure#1}::{closure#0}}>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/ravif-0.11.4/src/av1encoder.rs:668:15: 668:35
    = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/ravif-0.11.4/src/av1encoder.rs:346:32: 356:64
    = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/join/mod.rs:102:18: 102:21
    = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/join/mod.rs:124:17: 124:44
    = note: inside `<std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe<{closure@rayon_core::join::join_context::call_a<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, {closure@rayon_core::join::join::call<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_raw_planes<u8, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#5}}>, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#6}}>>::{closure#1}}>::{closure#0}}>::{closure#0}}> as std::ops::FnOnce<()>>::call_once` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/panic/unwind_safe.rs:272:9: 272:19
    = note: inside `std::panicking::r#try::do_call::<std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe<{closure@rayon_core::join::join_context::call_a<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, {closure@rayon_core::join::join::call<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_raw_planes<u8, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#5}}>, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#6}}>>::{closure#1}}>::{closure#0}}>::{closure#0}}>, std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/panicking.rs:554:40: 554:43
    = note: inside `std::panicking::r#try::<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe<{closure@rayon_core::join::join_context::call_a<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, {closure@rayon_core::join::join::call<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_raw_planes<u8, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#5}}>, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#6}}>>::{closure#1}}>::{closure#0}}>::{closure#0}}>>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/panicking.rs:518:19: 518:81
    = note: inside `std::panic::catch_unwind::<std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe<{closure@rayon_core::join::join_context::call_a<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, {closure@rayon_core::join::join::call<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_raw_planes<u8, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#5}}>, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#6}}>>::{closure#1}}>::{closure#0}}>::{closure#0}}>, std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/panic.rs:142:14: 142:33
    = note: inside `rayon_core::unwind::halt_unwinding::<{closure@rayon_core::join::join_context::call_a<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, {closure@rayon_core::join::join::call<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_raw_planes<u8, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#5}}>, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#6}}>>::{closure#1}}>::{closure#0}}>::{closure#0}}, std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/unwind.rs:17:5: 17:48
    = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/join/mod.rs:142:24: 142:72
    = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:521:21: 521:46
    = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/job.rs:218:41: 218:51
    = note: inside `<std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe<{closure@rayon_core::job::JobResult<(std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>>)>::call<{closure@rayon_core::registry::Registry::in_worker_cold<{closure@rayon_core::join::join_context<{closure@rayon_core::join::join::call<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_raw_planes<u8, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#5}}>, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#6}}>>::{closure#1}}>::{closure#0}}, {closure@rayon_core::join::join::call<std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_raw_planes<u8, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#5}}>, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#6}}>>::{closure#2}}>::{closure#0}}, std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>>>::{closure#0}}, (std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>>)>::{closure#0}::{closure#0}}>::{closure#0}}> as std::ops::FnOnce<()>>::call_once` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/panic/unwind_safe.rs:272:9: 272:19
    = note: inside `std::panicking::r#try::do_call::<std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe<{closure@rayon_core::job::JobResult<(std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>>)>::call<{closure@rayon_core::registry::Registry::in_worker_cold<{closure@rayon_core::join::join_context<{closure@rayon_core::join::join::call<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_raw_planes<u8, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#5}}>, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#6}}>>::{closure#1}}>::{closure#0}}, {closure@rayon_core::join::join::call<std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_raw_planes<u8, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#5}}>, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#6}}>>::{closure#2}}>::{closure#0}}, std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>>>::{closure#0}}, (std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>>)>::{closure#0}::{closure#0}}>::{closure#0}}>, (std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>>)>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/panicking.rs:554:40: 554:43
    = note: inside `std::panicking::r#try::<(std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>>), std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe<{closure@rayon_core::job::JobResult<(std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>>)>::call<{closure@rayon_core::registry::Registry::in_worker_cold<{closure@rayon_core::join::join_context<{closure@rayon_core::join::join::call<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_raw_planes<u8, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#5}}>, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#6}}>>::{closure#1}}>::{closure#0}}, {closure@rayon_core::join::join::call<std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_raw_planes<u8, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#5}}>, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#6}}>>::{closure#2}}>::{closure#0}}, std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>>>::{closure#0}}, (std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>>)>::{closure#0}::{closure#0}}>::{closure#0}}>>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/panicking.rs:518:19: 518:81
    = note: inside `std::panic::catch_unwind::<std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe<{closure@rayon_core::job::JobResult<(std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>>)>::call<{closure@rayon_core::registry::Registry::in_worker_cold<{closure@rayon_core::join::join_context<{closure@rayon_core::join::join::call<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_raw_planes<u8, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#5}}>, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#6}}>>::{closure#1}}>::{closure#0}}, {closure@rayon_core::join::join::call<std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_raw_planes<u8, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#5}}>, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#6}}>>::{closure#2}}>::{closure#0}}, std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>>>::{closure#0}}, (std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>>)>::{closure#0}::{closure#0}}>::{closure#0}}>, (std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>>)>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/panic.rs:142:14: 142:33
    = note: inside `rayon_core::unwind::halt_unwinding::<{closure@rayon_core::job::JobResult<(std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>>)>::call<{closure@rayon_core::registry::Registry::in_worker_cold<{closure@rayon_core::join::join_context<{closure@rayon_core::join::join::call<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_raw_planes<u8, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#5}}>, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#6}}>>::{closure#1}}>::{closure#0}}, {closure@rayon_core::join::join::call<std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_raw_planes<u8, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#5}}>, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#6}}>>::{closure#2}}>::{closure#0}}, std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>>>::{closure#0}}, (std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>>)>::{closure#0}::{closure#0}}>::{closure#0}}, (std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>>)>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/unwind.rs:17:5: 17:48
    = note: inside `rayon_core::job::JobResult::<(std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>>)>::call::<{closure@rayon_core::registry::Registry::in_worker_cold<{closure@rayon_core::join::join_context<{closure@rayon_core::join::join::call<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_raw_planes<u8, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#5}}>, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#6}}>>::{closure#1}}>::{closure#0}}, {closure@rayon_core::join::join::call<std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_raw_planes<u8, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#5}}>, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#6}}>>::{closure#2}}>::{closure#0}}, std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>>>::{closure#0}}, (std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>>)>::{closure#0}::{closure#0}}>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/job.rs:218:15: 218:52
    = note: inside `<rayon_core::job::StackJob<rayon_core::latch::LatchRef<'_, rayon_core::latch::LockLatch>, {closure@rayon_core::registry::Registry::in_worker_cold<{closure@rayon_core::join::join_context<{closure@rayon_core::join::join::call<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_raw_planes<u8, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#5}}>, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#6}}>>::{closure#1}}>::{closure#0}}, {closure@rayon_core::join::join::call<std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_raw_planes<u8, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#5}}>, std::iter::Map<imgref::iter::PixelsIter<'_, rgb::RGBA<u8>>, {closure@ravif::av1encoder::Encoder::encode_rgba::{closure#6}}>>::{closure#2}}>::{closure#0}}, std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>>>::{closure#0}}, (std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>>)>::{closure#0}::{closure#0}}, (std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>, std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::vec::Vec<u8>, ravif::error::Error>>)> as rayon_core::job::Job>::execute` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/job.rs:120:32: 120:53
    = note: inside `rayon_core::job::JobRef::execute` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/job.rs:64:9: 64:40
    = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::WorkerThread::execute` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:859:9: 859:22
    = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::WorkerThread::wait_until_cold` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:793:21: 793:38
    = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::WorkerThread::wait_until::<rayon_core::latch::OnceLatch>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:768:13: 768:40
    = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::WorkerThread::wait_until_out_of_work` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:817:9: 817:65
    = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::main_loop` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:922:5: 922:43
    = note: inside `rayon_core::registry::ThreadBuilder::run` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:52:18: 52:33
    = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rayon-core-1.12.0/src/registry.rs:97:20: 97:32
    = note: inside `std::sys_common::backtrace::__rust_begin_short_backtrace::<{closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/sys_common/backtrace.rs:155:18: 155:21
    = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/thread/mod.rs:529:17: 529:78
    = note: inside `<std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe<{closure@std::thread::Builder::spawn_unchecked_<'_, '_, {closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>::{closure#1}::{closure#0}}> as std::ops::FnOnce<()>>::call_once` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/panic/unwind_safe.rs:272:9: 272:19
    = note: inside `std::panicking::r#try::do_call::<std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe<{closure@std::thread::Builder::spawn_unchecked_<'_, '_, {closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>::{closure#1}::{closure#0}}>, ()>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/panicking.rs:554:40: 554:43
    = note: inside `std::panicking::r#try::<(), std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe<{closure@std::thread::Builder::spawn_unchecked_<'_, '_, {closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>::{closure#1}::{closure#0}}>>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/panicking.rs:518:19: 518:81
    = note: inside `std::panic::catch_unwind::<std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe<{closure@std::thread::Builder::spawn_unchecked_<'_, '_, {closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>::{closure#1}::{closure#0}}>, ()>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/panic.rs:142:14: 142:33
    = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/thread/mod.rs:528:30: 530:16
    = note: inside `<{closure@std::thread::Builder::spawn_unchecked_<'_, '_, {closure@<rayon_core::registry::DefaultSpawn as rayon_core::registry::ThreadSpawn>::spawn::{closure#0}}, ()>::{closure#1}} as std::ops::FnOnce<()>>::call_once - shim(vtable)` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/ops/function.rs:250:5: 250:71
    = note: inside `<std::boxed::Box<dyn std::ops::FnOnce()> as std::ops::FnOnce<()>>::call_once` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/alloc/src/boxed.rs:2016:9: 2016:52
    = note: inside `<std::boxed::Box<std::boxed::Box<dyn std::ops::FnOnce()>> as std::ops::FnOnce<()>>::call_once` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/alloc/src/boxed.rs:2016:9: 2016:52
    = note: inside `std::sys::unix::thread::Thread::new::thread_start` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/std/src/sys/unix/thread.rs:108:17: 108:64

error: aborting due to 1 previous error; 2 warnings emitted

crossbeam-epoch has had issues with Stacked Borrows violations in the past (see crossbeam-rs/crossbeam#545), but I don't know if this is related.

[fintelia]

Given that crossbeam is quite widely used, I'd speculate that the undefined behavior that's causing the illegal instruction is coming from elsewhere. Any chance you'd be able to capture a backtrace, perhaps by running in GDB?

You also may be able to run rav1e directly and see if you still get the crash

[Shnatsel]

I do recommend trying rav1e on its own, since the issue is likely cause by it (image doesn't contain any unsafe code in this path). You can use cavif for a quick an easy test.

rav1e relies on raw assembly internally so I don't think miri will be much help here since it doesn't support that. Address Sanitizer will fare better but it won't be able to instrument the assembly code either. Perhaps valgrind will be better since it runs the actual assembly?

[Shnatsel]

Running miri with MIRIFLAGS=-Zmiri-tree-borrows might also be a good idea. It is a slightly more lax memory model that should not run into the "Stacked Borrows rules it violated are still experimental" sort of thing, hopefully pointing at the actual source of the UB.

[Shnatsel]

Ah, crossbeam-epoch actually has UB and they use custom MIRIFLAGS to paper over it in CI:

https://github.com/crossbeam-rs/crossbeam/blob/3aa2598e3943c791e68d668d9f92e84e748bab65/ci/miri.sh#L25-L38

Let's copy their flags and see if miri turns up anything else. It'll probably fail once it reaches the assembly, and that's expected; the interesting part is whether it fails on anything else before reaching that point.

Thanks to @saethlin for discovering this!

[saethlin]

Based on their comments, crossbeam-epoch is just incompatible with Stacked Borrows, it's crossbeam-deque that actually has UB.

[fintelia]

The original error is "illegal hardware instruction". How likely is it that some of the assembly just... contains an instruction that your CPU doesn't support?

[Shnatsel]

On an M1 - not likely. The only thing I can think of that wouldn't be supported is SVE, and I doubt rav1e has any code using it considering that no hardware supporting it has actually shipped yet.

[saethlin]

I only observed UB on release builds with panic = "abort"

makes it distinctly unlikely that this is related to using an unavailable CPU feature.

[astral4]

I've managed to reproduce this issue using just the rav1e crate. The repository containing my code is at https://github.com/astral4/avif-ub. The output of cargo +nightly miri run is:

Output

Preparing a sysroot for Miri (target: aarch64-apple-darwin)... done
     Running `/Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/bin/cargo-miri runner target/miri/aarch64-apple-darwin/debug/avif-ub`
error: Undefined Behavior: trying to retag from <12005408> for Unique permission at alloc1971676[0x1e], but that tag does not exist in the borrow stack for this location
   --> /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/slice/raw.rs:149:9
    |
149 |         &mut *ptr::slice_from_raw_parts_mut(data, len)
    |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
    |         |
    |         trying to retag from <12005408> for Unique permission at alloc1971676[0x1e], but that tag does not exist in the borrow stack for this location
    |         this error occurs as part of retag at alloc1971676[0x0..0x12c]
    |
    = help: this indicates a potential bug in the program: it performed an invalid operation, but the Stacked Borrows rules it violated are still experimental
    = help: see https://github.com/rust-lang/unsafe-code-guidelines/blob/master/wip/stacked-borrows.md for further information
help: <12005408> was created by a SharedReadWrite retag at offsets [0x0..0x1e]
   --> src/main.rs:23:10
    |
23  |     drop(context.receive_packet().unwrap());
    |          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
    = note: BACKTRACE (of the first span):
    = note: inside `std::slice::from_raw_parts_mut::<'_, rav1e::context::Block>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/slice/raw.rs:149:9: 149:55
    = note: inside `rav1e::tiling::TileBlocksMut::<'_>::for_each::<{closure@rav1e::tiling::TileBlocksMut<'_>::set_segmentation_idx::{closure#0}}>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rav1e-0.7.1/src/tiling/tile_blocks.rs:220:24: 220:36
    = note: inside `rav1e::tiling::TileBlocksMut::<'_>::set_segmentation_idx` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rav1e-0.7.1/src/tiling/tile_blocks.rs:262:5: 262:67
    = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rav1e-0.7.1/src/rdo.rs:859:7: 859:62
    = note: inside `rav1e::rdo::luma_chroma_mode_rdo::<u8>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rav1e-0.7.1/src/rdo.rs:950:5: 950:22
    = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rav1e-0.7.1/src/rdo.rs:1516:5: 1533:6
    = note: inside `<std::iter::Take<std::slice::Iter<'_, rav1e::prelude::PredictionMode>> as std::iter::adapters::take::SpecTake>::spec_for_each::<{closure@rav1e::rdo::intra_frame_rdo_mode_decision<u8>::{closure#2}}>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/iter/adapters/take.rs:318:13: 318:19
    = note: inside `<std::iter::Take<std::slice::Iter<'_, rav1e::prelude::PredictionMode>> as std::iter::Iterator>::for_each::<{closure@rav1e::rdo::intra_frame_rdo_mode_decision<u8>::{closure#2}}>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/iter/adapters/take.rs:115:9: 115:37
    = note: inside `rav1e::rdo::intra_frame_rdo_mode_decision::<u8>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rav1e-0.7.1/src/rdo.rs:1508:3: 1534:5
    = note: inside `rav1e::rdo::rdo_mode_decision::<u8>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rav1e-0.7.1/src/rdo.rs:998:12: 1008:6
    = note: inside `rav1e::encoder::encode_partition_bottomup::<u8, rav1e::ec::WriterBase<rav1e::ec::WriterRecorder>>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rav1e-0.7.1/src/encoder.rs:2696:7: 2696:63
    = note: inside `rav1e::encoder::encode_partition_bottomup::<u8, rav1e::ec::WriterBase<rav1e::ec::WriterRecorder>>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rav1e-0.7.1/src/encoder.rs:2806:32: 2817:10
    = note: inside `rav1e::encoder::encode_tile::<u8>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rav1e-0.7.1/src/encoder.rs:3516:9: 3527:10
    = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rav1e-0.7.1/src/encoder.rs:3256:7: 3256:64
    = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/iter/adapters/map.rs:85:28: 85:34
    = note: inside `<std::vec::IntoIter<(rav1e::tiling::TileContextMut<'_, u8>, &mut rav1e::context::CDFContext)> as std::iter::Iterator>::fold::<(), {closure@std::iter::adapters::map::map_fold<(rav1e::tiling::TileContextMut<'_, u8>, &mut rav1e::context::CDFContext), (std::vec::Vec<u8>, rav1e::data::EncoderStats), (), {closure@rav1e::encoder::encode_tile_group<u8>::{closure#0}}, {closure@<(ExtendA, ExtendB) as std::iter::Extend<(A, B)>>::extend::extend<std::vec::Vec<u8>, rav1e::data::EncoderStats, std::vec::Vec<std::vec::Vec<u8>>, std::vec::Vec<rav1e::data::EncoderStats>>::{closure#0}}>::{closure#0}}>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/iter/traits/iterator.rs:2640:21: 2640:32
    = note: inside `<std::iter::Map<std::vec::IntoIter<(rav1e::tiling::TileContextMut<'_, u8>, &mut rav1e::context::CDFContext)>, {closure@rav1e::encoder::encode_tile_group<u8>::{closure#0}}> as std::iter::Iterator>::fold::<(), {closure@<(ExtendA, ExtendB) as std::iter::Extend<(A, B)>>::extend::extend<std::vec::Vec<u8>, rav1e::data::EncoderStats, std::vec::Vec<std::vec::Vec<u8>>, std::vec::Vec<rav1e::data::EncoderStats>>::{closure#0}}>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/iter/adapters/map.rs:125:9: 125:50
    = note: inside `<(std::vec::Vec<std::vec::Vec<u8>>, std::vec::Vec<rav1e::data::EncoderStats>) as std::iter::Extend<(std::vec::Vec<u8>, rav1e::data::EncoderStats)>>::extend::<std::iter::Map<std::vec::IntoIter<(rav1e::tiling::TileContextMut<'_, u8>, &mut rav1e::context::CDFContext)>, {closure@rav1e::encoder::encode_tile_group<u8>::{closure#0}}>>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/iter/traits/collect.rs:443:9: 443:36
    = note: inside `<std::iter::Map<std::vec::IntoIter<(rav1e::tiling::TileContextMut<'_, u8>, &mut rav1e::context::CDFContext)>, {closure@rav1e::encoder::encode_tile_group<u8>::{closure#0}}> as std::iter::Iterator>::unzip::<std::vec::Vec<u8>, rav1e::data::EncoderStats, std::vec::Vec<std::vec::Vec<u8>>, std::vec::Vec<rav1e::data::EncoderStats>>` at /Users/***/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-aarch64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/iter/traits/iterator.rs:3450:9: 3450:30
    = note: inside `rav1e::encoder::encode_tile_group::<u8>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rav1e-0.7.1/src/encoder.rs:3250:46: 3258:13
    = note: inside `rav1e::encoder::encode_frame::<u8>` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rav1e-0.7.1/src/encoder.rs:3781:20: 3781:56
    = note: inside `rav1e::api::internal::ContextInner::<u8>::encode_normal_packet` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rav1e-0.7.1/src/api/internal.rs:1397:7: 1397:72
    = note: inside `rav1e::api::internal::ContextInner::<u8>::encode_packet` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rav1e-0.7.1/src/api/internal.rs:1276:7: 1276:52
    = note: inside `rav1e::api::internal::ContextInner::<u8>::receive_packet` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rav1e-0.7.1/src/api/internal.rs:1513:19: 1513:57
    = note: inside closure at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rav1e-0.7.1/src/api/context.rs:305:27: 305:49
    = note: inside `rav1e::Context::<u8>::receive_packet` at /Users/***/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/rav1e-0.7.1/src/api/context.rs:309:15: 309:20
note: inside `main`
   --> src/main.rs:23:10
    |
23  |     drop(context.receive_packet().unwrap());
    |          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

note: some details are omitted, run with `MIRIFLAGS=-Zmiri-backtrace=full` for a verbose backtrace

error: aborting due to 1 previous error

[Shnatsel]

Great! That narrows things down a lot.

It's best to report it to the rav1e issue tracker: https://github.com/xiph/rav1e/issues

[saethlin]

That diagnostic is just identifying the &Header pattern, which Stacked Borrows does not allow and the fact that Stacked Borrows forbids the pattern is a known defect in Stacked Borrows. So the Miri reports in this thread are not educational; in some sense they are false positives. They are UB according to Stacked Borrows (which the diagnostic points out by linking documentation for the model and calling it experimental) but we do not optimize on this specific aspect of Stacked Borrows, so there is not necessarily any connection at all between these Miri diagnostics and the fact that you got a SIGILL.

Miri has an alternative aliasing model which fixes that issue, you can swap to it with MIRIFLAGS=-Zmiri-tree-borrows.

But in either case, I think that reducing an example that will SIGILL would also be very educational. There's an unexpected optimization happening, and reducing the unexpectly-optimized code would help point out whether this is UB or a miscompilation.

[astral4]

I redid the work at https://github.com/astral4/avif-ub to isolate error signals like SIGILL instead of Miri complaints. Running in release mode with lto = true will result in a segfault.