[protobuf] Add Compiler Condition to use inline assembly optimizations with ARM64

[dsmith111]

• Changes comply with the maintainer guide.
• SHA512s are updated for each updated download.
• The "supports" clause reflects platforms that may be fixed by this new version.
• Any fixed CI baseline entries are removed from that file.
• Any patches that are no longer applied are deleted from the port's directory.
• The version database is fixed by rerunning ./vcpkg x-add-version --all and committing the result.
• Only one version is added to each modified port's versions file.

Submitted PR and issue of patch for upstream:
protocolbuffers/protobuf#17665
protocolbuffers/protobuf#17671

Source supporting issue:

Inline assembly is only available for x86 targets. For similar functionality in x64 or ARM64 code, use compiler intrinsics.

https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/assembler/inline/writing-functions-with-inline-assembly?view=msvc-170

[dsmith111]

@LilyWangLL, just an FYI regarding the "Notify upstream owners for upstream relevant patches" section and 30 day's notice skip in the maintainer's guide; the tagged upstream PR fix was approved by a protobuf maintainer.

[BillyONeal]

Looks like there's an approval upstream. Thanks for the fix!